English Grammar for International Studies - first edition 2010
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25 Relative pronouns
A
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who/that
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which
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(when/that)
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which
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whom
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whose
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(that)
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(that)
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whose
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whose
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whom
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whom
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(that)
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which
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(who/that)
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(who/that)
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which
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who/that
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whom
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which
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whose
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(that)
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which
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(why/that)
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(which/that)
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whom
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(that)
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(when/that)
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whom
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whose
B
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My office, which is very small, is on the first floor.
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We have a CEO who/that is Swedish.
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We have a salesman whose mother tongue is Swedish.
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They …. their house, which was built in the 1920s.
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My computer, which is four years old, has crashed.
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He … e-mail (which/that) I sent last week.
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She works … company, whose head office is in London.
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Most of the customers to whom we sent a reminder have paid./… (who/that) we sent a reminder to have paid.
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The cashier who/that had embezzled money was fired.
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The … house whose roof was in a very bad condition.
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I … lady (who/that) I saw on TV two weeks ago.
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The safe in which she kept her jewels had been forced open./The safe (which/that) she kept her jewels in had been forced open.
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The employer for whom I worked for two years has sold his business./The employer (that/who) I worked for for two years has sold his business.
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The manager to whom I complained listened patiently./The manager (who/that) I complained to listened patiently.
C
(Brackets indicate that the relative pronoun can be left out)
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… the invoice (which/that) you were looking for?
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… company (which/that) he worked for went bankrupt.
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… colleague (who/that) I told you about is going to emigrate.
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… article (which/that) you were interested in?
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… girl (who/that) I travelled with was French.
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… the hotel (which/that) stayed at.
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… person (who/that) you got this information from?
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… subject (which/that) I know very little about.
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… the keys (which/that) you were looking for?
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… problem (which/that) I told you about has been solved.
D
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customers who/that: Which can only be used for things; for persons who is used or that in a restrictive relative clause.
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customer from whom you received a complaint/customer (who/that) you received a complaint from: whom is used after a preposition in formal English. In less formal language, who is used and the preposition comes at the end. (or that in a restrictive relative clause).
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which: a spelling mistake
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person with whom/person (who/that) I sometimes … problems with: whom is used after a preposition
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bike, which: In a non-restrictive relative clause you use which for things.
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correct
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woman whose car: whose is used to express possession.
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correct
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all that: that is used after ‘thing’.
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correct
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correct
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Mr Carlton, to whom I spoke/ Mr Carlton (who/that) I spoke to: whom is used after a preposition
E
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(that)
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which
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who/that
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that/which
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(that)
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who/that
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whom
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whom
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whose
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which
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who/that
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(which/that)